\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{ctex,siunitx}
\setCJKmainfont{Noto Serif CJK SC}
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usetikzlibrary{patterns, calc}
\usetikzlibrary {decorations.pathmorphing, decorations.pathreplacing, decorations.shapes,}
\begin{document}
\small
\begin{tikzpicture}[>=latex,scale=1.0]
  \fill[yellow!80!gray](0,0)circle(2.2);
  \foreach \x/\y in {120/1.5,180/1.7,36/1.52,265/1.42,315/1.8}
  {
    \fill[inner color=white,outer color=lightgray](\x:\y)circle(0.12)node{$-$};
  }
  \fill[inner color=white,outer color=lightgray](-2.08,2.5)circle(0.12)node{$-$};
  \fill[yellow!80!gray](-2.2,2.8)rectangle++(0.24,0.24);
  \node at (-1.9,2.92)[right]{正电荷};
  \node at (-1.9,2.5)[right]{电子};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}